Roman law evolved from unwritten customs under kings to a codified system that shaped modern civil law. From the Twelve Tables to Justinian’s Corpus Juris Civilis, it reflected shifts in power, social protest, and legal reform. Its legacy endures in legal systems worldwide.

The Administrative Monetary Penalty System (AMPS) is transforming how Ontario municipalities handle minor by-law infractions. Unlike traditional fines that require court appearances, AMPS offers a streamlined, local process for issuing and disputing penalties. This article explains the key differences between fines and penalties, how AMPS works, and why more municipalities are adopting this efficient, accessible enforcement tool.

Canada once empowered citizens through grand juries—panels that investigated crimes and held officials accountable. Abolished decades ago, their absence leaves a gap in democratic oversight. As public trust in government wanes amid repeated scandals, reintroducing citizen-led mechanisms could restore transparency and ensure power remains in the people’s hands.